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聽力教學(xué)論文模板(10篇)

時(shí)間:2023-03-21 17:14:34

導(dǎo)言:作為寫作愛好者,不可錯(cuò)過為您精心挑選的10篇聽力教學(xué)論文,它們將為您的寫作提供全新的視角,我們衷心期待您的閱讀,并希望這些內(nèi)容能為您提供靈感和參考。

篇1

【摘 要】隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,英語作為一種國際通用語在貿(mào)易往來和文化交流過程中發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。掌握好英語這種交際工具,對(duì)學(xué)生將來的發(fā)展有著深遠(yuǎn)的影響?,F(xiàn)代語言教育理論高度重視“聽”在語言學(xué)習(xí)和語言使用中的作用。聽力教學(xué)既是一種語言教學(xué),也是一種技能的培養(yǎng)。在聽,說,讀,寫四項(xiàng)技能中,聽是最基礎(chǔ)的,最重要的技能。它不僅是獲取語言信息的主要途徑,還是提高其他技能的基礎(chǔ)。許多中國學(xué)生認(rèn)為聽力能力的測(cè)試是所有測(cè)試中最難的部分。在本篇論文中,開篇介紹了現(xiàn)在中學(xué)聽力教學(xué)的情況,指出當(dāng)中存在的一些問題,針對(duì)課前的一些較短的時(shí)間設(shè)計(jì)了一些教學(xué)活動(dòng)。然后集中介紹了聽力教學(xué)活動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì),強(qiáng)調(diào)聽力教學(xué)活動(dòng)應(yīng)將目光集中在聽力的過程上,而非其結(jié)果上。如何提高學(xué)生英語聽力水平,使他們能取得好的成績,成為廣大初中教師所共同關(guān)注的問題。在英語教學(xué)中,教師如何進(jìn)行聽力教學(xué),精心設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng),如何掌握聽力教學(xué)的各種技巧顯得十分重要。

【關(guān)鍵詞】聽力;初中;英語教學(xué);障礙;設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)活動(dòng)

1. Introduction

It is true that listening, speaking, reading, and writing are four basic skills in language teaching and learning. Developmentally, these skills are acquired in a certain sequence. Listening is essential for developing other skills and provides a basis for language learning. But it is also the most difficult of all the learning skills for learners to master. When listening, listeners follow the speaker, thinking about what the speaker is saying and what is going on in the mind of the speaker, guessing the speaker’s opinions and attitudes and catching the true meaning of the speaker’s words. Listening itself accounts for almost half of the commutative activities in one’s daily life. In addition, learners should have the knowledge of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. Many learners are afraid of listening, looking on it as more difficult than any other skills and pay much attention to training their ability to speak, read and write. Improving listening ability is not in a short time, it is a long time work.

2. Background study

Listening is important in junior students’ English learning. A child first listens for a long time before he is able to speak, so listening plays the first and the most important role in learning a foreign language. Listening is an important means of language. “It is one of the important ways in English language communication. According to Rivers study indications, listening occupies 45% of the whole social interactions. From this, we can see that a good listening can help to improve students’ ability of language understanding. And some statistics show that nearly 50% students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult part among all kinds of examinations.” [1] ( p1-2) . We must admit that there is no short cut in our life, so as the English learning. It finds that the original initiative to learn listening is very important, which can lead the way to success.

Now have a look at our junior schools. What most teachers do in class is merely to play the recorder and check answers to listening exercises. So most students can hardly learn anything in class, and listening comprehension gives much headache. Hence, in teaching listening comprehension, it is very important for teachers to find the problems students have and suitable ways to solve the problems. English teaching and learning asks for quite some challenges. The challenges are the lack of adequate linguistic environment, the strong interference from their mother tongue, the overcrowded classrooms and the lack of sufficient time for English study on the students' side. And students are having quite a few subjects on hand and shouldering the great task of all-respect full development in schools. And, in many junior school, it is true that Chinese students are not so influent as those in Western countries mainly because they lack self-confidence and they are afraid of making mistakes .In addition, teachers are quite used to the old teaching method, which lays more emphasis on grammar. In order to make themselves understood by all the students, some teachers would explain the grammar rulers or even the texts in Chinese rather than in English in class. Thus, students get fewer opportunities to improve their listening skills.

3. What are the factors influencing the listening comprehension in Chinese middle school classrooms?

Listening is an important mean of language learning. It is one of the significant ways in English language communication. But so many students regard listening comprehension as the most difficult one among all kinds of examinations. Where are their barriers? How to train some tactics for them? That’s what I am going to talk about here.

3.1 The analysis of the reasons for students’ poor listening ability

3.1.1.About the teacher aspect

There is a shortage of English teachers in China. It is usually difficult for English teachers in China to go to English-speaking countries to study or work. Most of them don’t have the experience of going abroad. They have learned their English only in China. So we may say they have certain shortage.

3.1.2.The English environment

The English environment in China is different from other countries e.g. Canada. In China, English is a foreign language (EFL), not a second language (ESL). Both students and teachers are doing their jobs under this condition which is quite different from that such as in the US. For example, Chinese immigrant students in Canada can learn English more quickly than those in China. Why? Because in Canada, English is regarded as their second language. They enjoy a much better English environment as well as have English high motivations. This is what is needed in China. What those students in China need is this authentic language environment which isn’t easy to be created in China.

3.1.3. The learning aspect

Listening comprehension is the summation of hearing and understanding. If you have a better level about English knowledge, you may be capable of understanding very well in listening to the materials, and may have an excellent response to any questions asked by the speakers on the tapes.

(?。〣arriers on Phonetics and Phonology

It is clear that “Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonetic medium of language, and Phonology studies how speech sounds system in a language form pattern.” [2] (p22) English, as a new language for Chinese students, usually appears some problems exactly on Phonetics and Phonology, such as the mistakes on pronunciation, intonation, and all kinds of skills like word stress, sentence stress, motion of sound, assimilation, sound---linking and incomplete explosion, etc. Therefore some basic knowledge about English Phonetics and Phonology will directly influence students’ listening comprehension. So designing activities must be aimed at point. So designing some interesting game is to let students discriminate the different pronunciation. The key point is guiding students to find the difference themselves. For example, most Chinese students find the discrimination of some sounds is a problem in listening comprehension, especially, some vowels. E.g., they can hardly distinguish the words like “sit—sea” and “bed--bad”. In a sentence like “He saw a thief steal into the palace”, steal /sti:l/ is very important in understanding the sentence, but some students just recognize it as still/stil/.

(ⅱ) Barriers on tempo

Tempo means the speed of speaking. It can be controlled by an actor who is good at tongue twisters. Some people enjoy more variation in tempo than others, but everyone has a norm which in characteristic of his usual conversational style. One who tends to use a rapid tempo in everyday speech in English, but Chinese students usually don’t have such a tempo in listening. Although sometimes they can speak very fast, they may not catch up with the materials on normal tempo while they’re listening to a tape, especially to a longer conversation or a passage, that’s their problems. Because they only used to listen to teachers who always read under the average speed in daily life, or used to slow conversations with their partners while practicing oral English, that’s why Chinese students can not suit the need of normal speed listening materials or native speakers. Teachers can help students to form a good sensation. Students can train the tempo through reading, because there are many skills on it. English teachers should take efforts to teach students how to learn some knowledge about sentence stress, rhythm, sound and intonation, etc. So, during in the class, or at the beginning of the class, teacher can design a game or completion about reading. The student who is the winner can give him/her a present. Through insisting on doing so, students’s sensation can be improved.

(ⅲ) Barriers on lexicology and grammar

During the process of listening comprehension, listeners should not only do the exercises of sound recognition, but also learn more vocabulary. If a new word appeared while they’re listening, they’ll find it difficult for them to understand the whole meaning, even some students stop to listen and think about over and over the new word they met before while the material are going on. So does the grammar. Grammar can help us to catch the implication of the vocal sounds, and understand them well, and it is also the essential condition of a whole passage comprehension. It gives us a basis for judging when the action happens, who is the operator or supporter? What is the factual evidence? Whether it is the subjunctive mood? Etc. If you don’t have a solid foundation on grammar it’ll directly influence your achieving good results while you are listening.

(ⅳ) Barriers on listening habits

The main purpose of listening is to understand the general idea of the materials. During the listening process, they should try to catch the major content, which’s the key point. But many Chinese students have some bad habits while listening. For example, they always try their best to get the meaning of each words, each sentences. Once they meet a new word or a difficulty sentence, they will stop to think. It is doubtless they can’t catch up with the speed any more. Still some students can’t directly understand materials in English, but with the help of Chinese, experienced the process of a heart translation. These bad habits are the main factors influencing their listening comprehension. In fact, it is unnecessary to know every word, every sentence, only should catch the main idea and grasp the major point, that’s enough. If you concentrate to think, you can’t catch up with the materials, and also that’s why you have no time to attend to the main content, let alone seize the implication of it.

Therefore, it is necessary for the teacher to point out the bad habits and then help the students form good habits. Here are some bad listening habits on Listening, which are paraphrased below.

“(1) A poor listener will/ turnoff his or her ears as soon as he or she decides a listening task is going to be dull.

(2). A poor listener listens to only facts and ignores the ideas, the general picture.

(3). A poor listener will fix his or her eyes on the teacher or blackboard, then relax, or Do some thing else, expecting to get the information out of the tape scripts later.

(4).A poor listener will use very little distraction --footsteps, a door opening or closing, a cough, a dropped book—as an excuse to stop listening to the recording or the teacher.”[3] ( p1-2)

(ⅴ) Barriers on cultural background

Language is a kind of cultural expression. It is necessary for students to know some background about the English-speaking countries, such as the history, culture, customs and habits, even life styles. Many students lack of these kinds of knowledge, no wonder they are always making mistakes about them. For example, if teachers give two pieces of passage for them to understand the former, because Spring Festival is the traditional festival in China, everybody knows it very well, that’s helpful for their understanding, however the latter about the Thanksgiving day, students know little about it, it is not easy for them to understand, even very difficult for them to answer some questions about it. Listeners should base on their background knowledge about the topic and their experience of how talks on such themes are structured (as in the case of listening to news or weather reports) besides their understanding of language forms related to the subject area.

(ⅵ) Barriers on psychological factors

It is very important of students to have a good state while listening. Students should get clear that listening is the first step of any language learning, they should pay attention to learn it well at the very beginning.

The process of listening comprehension is a very complicated psychological one. Linguists tell us that it is easy for one to produce frightens when he is at his nervousness. If students meet some words or sentences they don’t understand by chance, they’ll have the fidgets, even some students are afraid of listening at the very beginning. It have placed all sorts of obstacles on the important information invisibly and make them less effective, this lowered the degrees of listening comprehension. On the other hand, eternal links, such as the noise made by inside or outside factors, the quality of the recorders, the loudness and the articulation of the sounds, etc, may all become obstructions influencing the students’ listening well. “Psychological linguistics regards listening is involved with the perception of a language: Perception is to turn the voice into meanings,and it is an analysis of the language signal perception. The process of the language perception is an activity of the short--time memorization .”[4] (p1)

Training and improving students’ ability in listening comprehension should combine daily teaching with following points. First of all, in English class, teachers should try to organize their classes in English, which’s the most effective way, students can concentrate their attention while listening to English. Teachers can also know from the expressions in students’ eyes if they understand. Second, using the first five minutes efficiently before the class, or the revision time, ask students to listen to the radios, television programmers in English. Never be afraid of it. Psychological quality is quite important to do everything, so does listening comprehension.

轉(zhuǎn)貼于 4.How to improve students’ listening ability---designing effective classroom activities

Among the four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing), foreign language learners often complain that listening is the most difficult one to acquire. Teaching listening should focus on process.

There are three stages in listening activities for language learners: pre—listening, while—listening, post—listening, which will discuss in detail as follow:

4.1 Pre—listening activities

“Research points out that listening activity in general should consist of a pre—listening phase, which should make the context for listening explicit, clarify the purposes for listening, and establish goals, procedures and roles for listening. So a pre—listening activity can involve listeners in the following ways:

(1).By posing the tasks before the students listen to the topic, they are given a purpose for listening, which forces them to focus on selected information.

(2).The listener brings an orientation to a listening event. By opening up the topic, it arouses certain expectations and mentally prepares the students for the topic, it may also activate latest knowledge of vocabulary associated with the topic.

(3).Activating learner’s scripts and tuning in their prior knowledge about the topic helps to relate their background knowledge to the topic to be heard, thus enhancing the comprehension and interpretation of the received message.

(4).By brainstorming what they know about the topic before listening, learners will be able to compare what they know with what they are going to hear, and listen selectively.” [5] (p10)

4.1.1 Purpose

No less than in speaking, the listening process means that the learner must be motivated by a communicative purpose .This purpose determines to a large extent what meanings they must listen for and which parts of the text are most important to them. For example, there may be parts where he does not need to understand every detail, but only to listen for the general gist. There may be other parts where a topic of special significant arises, requiring them to listen for more detailed information—for example, so that they can report about the topic to other members of a group. At other times, a task may require them to listen for specific pieces of information distributed throughout the text.

“The activities will be grouped according to the kind of response that the learner must produce:

(1)Performing physical tasks (e.g. selecting pictures)

(2)Transferring information (e.g. into tabular form)

(3)Reformulating and evaluating information” [6] (p67-68)

4.1.2Choose the appropriate materials

Before having the class, teachers must choose and analysis the materials. “Teacher need to listen the tape all the way through .That way, they will be prepared for any problems, noises, accents etc. That way they can judge whether students will be able to cope with the tape and the tasks that go with it.” [7] ( p100) By doing so, the teacher will know the length of the materials, the difficult points and the focus of the materials, so the teacher can decide in advance how to go on with the teaching in class. Of course, it is a demand for teachers if all other courses. But some teachers do believe that they can teach listening course without any preparation so long as they have the tapes and reference books. So some researchers would like to emphasize the importance of preparations for a class: it is the basic need and also a basic insurance of an effective listening teaching. And the role of analyst, which means that teachers should analyze the functional patterns of the language used in the listening materials that students are to hear. The functions of a language can be simply pided into two patterns: the communication of emotion and the conveying of information. Communication of emotion means that the purpose of using a language is mainly for the establishment of harmonious relationship among the participants of social interaction.

4.1.3 Skills

(ⅰ)Prediction.

Research on speech processing and interpretation suggests that the listener’s ability to make intelligent guesses about what will come next plays a crucial role in their understanding of speech, and prediction is regarded by many researchers as on of the most powerful factors in comprehension. Therefore, a good listener is a good predictor. “By helping our students become better predictors, we are helping them become better listeners.”[8] ( p86)

Prediction also involves asking questions and answering them. According to Fisher and Terry active comprehension is process of generating questions while reading and searching for answers to them. Questioning helps to establish the purpose and causes the listener to interact with the speech, confirming or rejecting expectations.

“Penny Ur summarizes five types of cues that listeners depend on for making predictions about continuation of an utterance:

(1) The stock formula of the language, such as clichés, idioms, quotations and proverbs.

(2). Stress on a particular word in the first part of an utterance is often explained or clarified by a comment in the second.

(3). The logical relationship between the first part of an utterance and the second is often signaled by a conjunction.

(4.) There is construction where the speaker proclaims in advance the kind of thing he is going to say.

(5). Rhetorical questions or bold, brief statements, particularly in the negative, are often followed by answers or amplification in the form of reasons, examples or explanations.” [9] (p11)

(ⅱ)Setting the scene

Another type of pre-listening activity is to set the scene for the students, for example: picture, video, TV etc. Listening to passages in the classroom can be more difficult than listening in real life, because of the lack of context .So the teacher can help provide the background information to activate learners’ schema or illustrate the picture to help students to understand the main idea, so they will be better prepared to understand what they hear.

(ⅲ)Listening for the gist

This type of the pre-listening activity is listening for the gist. It is very important to give students practice in this area, because in real life, they can not listen to the materials several times. Therefore, it will be impossible for them to catch all the information, so they need to be fit with some ambiguity in listening and realize that they can still learn even when they do not understand every word. Listening for the gist is familiar with skimming a passage in reading. The key point lays in let students some questions that focus on the main idea or the tone or the mood of the passage. Find whether students can answer the questions even though they can not understand each word or phrase in the passage.

(ⅳ)Listening for specific information

There are situations in real life where they listen only for some specific details and ignore the rest of the entire message. For example, when they listen to the weather report on TV, they are only interested in the temperature in the city where they live or where we plan to go on the holiday, or when they are sitting in a train station or an air port, they do not listen to the details of all the announcements. It is important to expose our students to a variety of type of listening texts for a variety of purpose so that they will develop a variety of listening strategies to use for different situations.

4.2 While - listening activity

This stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control, because this is where a student should pay attention and get the information actively. However, if the teacher can provide a reason, goal, or task for the learner, this should encourage and help students to focus their attention.

In daily class, students must use all aspects of personal listening ability. At the beginning of this article, we have discussed the problems on students’ listening ability.

According to these problems, we must train the comprehensive listening ability in daily time.

Following are some special training

4.2.1 Listen and tick

A large part of what makes a listening task easy or difficult is what the teacher asks the students to do with the materials. If what students all need to do just is tick as they hear them, the task will be much easier. What you need to tick, you can hear them clearly. Because it is quite easy, ticking is very fit for the students who are in grade 7. It can encourage them to listen to the dialogue or passage carefully.

4.2.2 Listen and act

These activities relate to a method of teaching called Total Physical Response, which concentrates on learning language by listening and responding physical to commands or directions. Here is an example:

“Beginning TPR

Procedure:

(1.) Have two students positioned to two chairs.

Commands supporting vocabulary

Stand up fast

slowly

Sit down table chair

Walk

head stomach

Stop

door blackboard

Turn around

Touch

(2)pick two other students and add more vocabulary that are in the classroom--- such as book, pencil, paper, desk, floor, teacher—and add to the commands put, place, scratch..

(3)use the following type of commands repeatedly in random order, rotating pairs of students from time to time, until you can see that all the students clearly understand what these commands and actions mean.

For example:

Put the pencil on the book.

Scratch your head.

Scratch your stomach.

Put the paper in the box.

Put your hand on your head.

Place the box on the teacher’s head.

Scratch your head and stomach. ” [10] (p11)

4.2.3 Listen and draw

This is similar to acting out physically, but in this type, the students are drawing picture, diagrams on paper. “This type of activity works very well as an information gap activity between pairs of students.” [11] (p90) One example: one student draws a simple picture and then tells his/her partner how to draw it in English .Neither partner can look at each other’s drawing during the task. After they have completed the task, they can compare their pictures to see how similar they are.

Other way: according to last example.

“Introduce the word draw. This opens up a rich network of things you can ask your students to do. Start very simply with the familiar items that the students have already internalized through TPR.

For example:

Draw a table

Draw a chair

Draw a hand

Draw a box

Draw a hand on a door

Draw a window and a hand and book. ”[12] (p11) 4.3 post --- listening activity

Post--- listening, teachers can determine how well the students have understood what they listened to, but it is important to design the tasks well. “One important point to keep in mind is whether we are testing the students’ listening comprehension or their memory. In fact, in real life, listener can remember the gist of the conversation, but cannot remember exactly what words were said. It is more natural to select and interpret what we hear rather than repeat everything we have heard.” [13] ( p187) .Here are some types of post—listening activity: multiple choice questions, answering questions, note-taking, gap—filling and dictogloss.

“It is important to remember when designing activities not to demand that students remember more details the native-speaker would in a real life, because we do not want our students to get into the habit of thinking that they need to understand and remember.” [14] ( p117)

5. Conclusion

As teachers change their practice activity they gain new insights about the learning potentials of their students. “These successes have encouraged teachers to persevere in their efforts to design learning experiences that provide multiple entry and exit points for their students.” [15] ( p290-297)

During the exercitation in middle school, in fact, teachers did not teach the phonetics and phonology. Main practice on listening is just about the textbook. For example, GO FOR IT, the book has a small part for training listening. but the listening teaching is limited. It must add some activities. In the listening activities, according to the certain purpose, it can choose different skills: listen and act, listen and draw, and so on. These types of activities can be designed into games, which are popular for students.

Bibliography

1. Ren Xiaoping . Listening Barriers Among Chinese Students And Training Tactics [J].延安教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2001 . p1-2

2. 戴煒凍 A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English [Z].上海: 上海外語教育出版社 p22

3. Liu Yangchun . How to increase students’ listening comprehension [J].開封教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1996.10. p1-2

4. Zhang Qi . Psychological analysis in listening teaching and radio programs teaching [J]. 云南教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),1996.10. p1

5. Zhao Jianqun . Introducing an interactive component into listening instruction [J].曲靖師專學(xué)報(bào),1993.3. p10

6. William Littlewood .Communicative Language Teaching. [M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.6. p67-68

7. Jeremy Harmer. How to teach English [M].北京:外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2000.8. p100

8. 王薔 A course in English language teaching [Z].上海:高等教育出版社,2002.5. p86

9. 同2. p11

10. 同 1. p11

11. 同8. p90

12. 同 1 p11

篇2

  

 常有同學(xué)問我:“學(xué)英語是不是很要求天賦?”   

    

我那時(shí)竟頓住了,兩種相反卻都可自圓其說的答案,配著各自相關(guān)的剪影在腦中閃過。我也許該順著他的眼神和流行的成功哲學(xué)以及可以預(yù)見的自我滿足感,給他描繪自己少時(shí)遭天命不公乃至口齒不清,而后奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)而勤終補(bǔ)拙的似水流年。但我居然走了另外一條路線,我緩緩說:“不僅要具天賦,而且要求從幼時(shí)學(xué)起進(jìn)一步開發(fā)天賦,但這些只是你的起點(diǎn),你現(xiàn)在要做的是在起點(diǎn)與目標(biāo)之間劃一條盡可能精彩的弧線?!?nbsp;  

還在大學(xué)的時(shí)候, 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課雖牽強(qiáng)人意,自己卻深受其思維方法的影響:過去的投入是已經(jīng)沉落的成本,你需要的是利用現(xiàn)在爭取未來。也許這種理性也會(huì)同樣折射在其他學(xué)科上面,正如基辛格博士所持的論調(diào)那樣:對(duì)過去的肯定是一種現(xiàn)實(shí)態(tài)度,而政治的任務(wù)是要塑造它。剛才給予那位同學(xué)的回答或許正是這樣一種理性的鼓勵(lì)。學(xué)習(xí)英語認(rèn)識(shí)到天賦的力量是現(xiàn)實(shí)的,而在這基礎(chǔ)上的捷徑只能是一種理性的捷徑:   

在體驗(yàn)中思考,在觀察中總結(jié),設(shè)定合理的目標(biāo)和方略   

篇3

語料庫語言學(xué)的研究表明,英語中存在著一種成串的語言結(jié)構(gòu)。對(duì)于這樣的語言結(jié)構(gòu),學(xué)者們采用了不同的術(shù)語對(duì)這種語言現(xiàn)象加以界定,比較被大家廣泛接受的說法是:語塊是一種兼具有詞匯和語法特征的語言結(jié)構(gòu),一般為多詞單位,具有特定的話語功能。

聽力教學(xué)側(cè)重的是學(xué)生對(duì)英語聲音材料理解能力的培養(yǎng),而三本院校的學(xué)生入學(xué)時(shí)英語基礎(chǔ)不是很好,特別是普遍存在著英語聽力薄弱的現(xiàn)象,究其原因,一方面是傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)過于注重語法規(guī)則,而忽略了語言作為交際手段這一根本目的,于是形成了“聾子英語”,另一重要原因是學(xué)生對(duì)地道的預(yù)制語塊積累不夠。他們注重的一般是單詞的記憶,而不是語塊的記憶和積累,因此造成他們?cè)诼犃斫馍洗嬖谝欢ǖ睦щy。語塊理論,從一個(gè)嶄新的角度闡述了語言教學(xué)的理論和實(shí)踐,從根本上提出了對(duì)如何提高學(xué)生的英語聽力理解能力的應(yīng)對(duì)辦法,為三本院校英語聽力教學(xué)提供了新的思路與視角。

1英語語塊理論

1.1語料庫語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

語料庫語言學(xué)家經(jīng)過電腦數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)。在自然語言中存在著數(shù)量龐大、出現(xiàn)頻率高、不同程度詞匯化的詞串,即語塊,它們構(gòu)成了英語中基本的語言單位。Altenb的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大約70%的日??谡Z都是由預(yù)制語塊組成的。Bo~nger也有相同的認(rèn)識(shí),他說語言已為我們提供了大量的預(yù)制語塊,因此我們說話時(shí)不必從“木材、釘子和藍(lán)圖”起開始構(gòu)建。

1.2認(rèn)知心理語言學(xué)基礎(chǔ)

1950年,美國心理學(xué)家GeorgeMiUer提出了組塊理論(chunking),他指出短時(shí)記憶的容量大概是7+/-2個(gè)“塊”。而“塊”(chunks)最早是由心理學(xué)家Miller和Self-ridge提出,記憶對(duì)于信息的加工過程的結(jié)果就是塊。人們可以憑借自己已有知識(shí)和經(jīng)歷對(duì)接觸到的信息進(jìn)行組塊和儲(chǔ)存,以便于日后整體檢索和提取。

認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家Sinclair則認(rèn)為,人類的語言習(xí)得可以分為兩大體系:其一是以語法規(guī)則為基礎(chǔ)的分析性體系;其二是以記憶為基礎(chǔ)的套語體系。在分析性體系中,記憶所占的空間雖然小但強(qiáng)度卻相當(dāng)大,因此即時(shí)交際難以較好地實(shí)現(xiàn)。套語體系包括數(shù)量可觀的語塊,在進(jìn)行交際時(shí),說話人易于從記憶中提取,便于準(zhǔn)確、流利表達(dá)。雖然語法規(guī)則給我們提供了構(gòu)成無數(shù)個(gè)句子的可能,但實(shí)際交際中,可能性中的絕大多數(shù)被忽視掉了。值得注意的是,某些特定的詞匯組合卻不斷地被重復(fù)使用。因而Sinclair進(jìn)一步歸納出語言加工過程通常遵循的兩條原則,即習(xí)語原則和自由選擇原則。前者是指使用大量現(xiàn)成的預(yù)制語塊來組裝語句:而后者則是選擇合適的語法和詞匯一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)逐步“搭建”語句。Sinclair主張,習(xí)語原則在這兩個(gè)原則中地位優(yōu)先。

1.3語言習(xí)得研究基礎(chǔ)

大量關(guān)于兒童母語習(xí)得,即一語習(xí)得的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),兒童是通過習(xí)得語塊而后習(xí)得整個(gè)語言的,特別是早期階段的語塊學(xué)習(xí)和記憶。比如,當(dāng)兒童使用“I’dlike…”時(shí),這3個(gè)詞語可能被他們當(dāng)作一個(gè)不可拆分的單位來記憶和使用的。或者可以說,在兒童的心理詞典中,這3個(gè)詞是一個(gè)詞條。在反復(fù)練習(xí)和成功使用了某些相同的模式之后,兒童就自然而然地從中概括出一些語塊的構(gòu)造規(guī)則,并將他們習(xí)得的語塊作為整體存儲(chǔ)在心理詞庫中。語言學(xué)家在二語習(xí)得的研究中也得出相近的結(jié)果,實(shí)踐證實(shí)大量語塊存在于二語學(xué)習(xí)者的口頭交際中。

在一語和二語習(xí)得研究的基礎(chǔ)上,Natfinger和DeCarrico指出,一種語言的正確使用過程不外乎是“對(duì)這些預(yù)制語塊進(jìn)行選擇,然后將這些語塊串聯(lián)起來的過程”。因?yàn)轭A(yù)制語塊其實(shí)被使用者按不同的語用功能分類存儲(chǔ)在一起,使用者根據(jù)交際語境的需要,對(duì)其整體提取使用,這樣便達(dá)到了語言表達(dá)正確性和流利性的統(tǒng)一。

2語塊在三本學(xué)生英語聽力提高中的作用

Lewis(1997)等學(xué)者提倡在課堂上直接進(jìn)行語塊的教授,而近年來,國內(nèi)越來越多的學(xué)者也意識(shí)到了預(yù)制語塊對(duì)二語習(xí)得的作用,認(rèn)為語塊不僅能提高中國學(xué)生口語交際的流利性,更重要的是能提高學(xué)生的語用能力。筆者認(rèn)為,除了口語表達(dá),語塊教學(xué)對(duì)三本學(xué)生英語聽力習(xí)得是非常有效的,具體表現(xiàn)在:

2.1有利于提高預(yù)測(cè)信息的能力

預(yù)制語塊往往帶有情境性,具有非常重要的語篇信息組織功能,它的使用并不是隨意的。對(duì)大量語料的研究顯示,預(yù)制語塊在自然語篇中起著諸如組織語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、連接信息和預(yù)示下文的重要作用。許多形式和功能屬于固定或半固定性質(zhì)的語塊在語篇中不可或缺的銜接手段,讀者把握住這些語塊,也就掌握了文章的宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)以及段落問的關(guān)系,達(dá)到理解文章的效果。同樣,在聽英語材料時(shí),學(xué)生可以充分利用那些組篇功能語塊,結(jié)合自己已掌握的相關(guān)圖式和背景知識(shí),積極主動(dòng)地獲取信息、預(yù)測(cè)信息,從而為其進(jìn)一步贏得處理信息和反應(yīng)的時(shí)間。例如,當(dāng)學(xué)生聽到“Mypointsareasfollows,F(xiàn)irstly…scondly…finally…”,就會(huì)預(yù)先知道說話者談話的內(nèi)容。

2.2有利于提高對(duì)聽力材料的理解效率

“語言不是由傳統(tǒng)語法和詞匯構(gòu)成的,而常常是由多詞的、預(yù)制的語塊構(gòu)成的”(Lewis1997)。正因?yàn)轭A(yù)制語塊是語言使用者所熟悉的語言形式,因而聽者對(duì)聽到的信息不陌生,從而縮短了正常語言交際時(shí)大腦壓縮處理語言信息所需的時(shí)間,大大緩解了由于即時(shí)分析和處理聽到的信息的壓力。學(xué)生的注意力和思維要受說話者語速的控制,因?yàn)槁犃Σ牧习恼Z音信息稍縱即逝,所以平時(shí)要多加練習(xí)聽力,特別是要有意識(shí)地積累語音形式的語塊量。如果聽力基礎(chǔ)薄弱的學(xué)生以語音形式儲(chǔ)存的語塊量不足,便無法便捷地對(duì)話語中占有很大比例的固定和半固定短語進(jìn)行整體認(rèn)知,并直接提取語義,其結(jié)果是把它們當(dāng)作按語法規(guī)則組合起來的一個(gè)個(gè)單詞,只能通過單詞識(shí)別,詞義匹配的方式提取語義,獲得信息。

2.3有利于克服聽力材料中噪音及音變的影響

在多數(shù)情況下,英語錄音資料往往伴有其他聲音,這種干擾聲會(huì)降低話語的清晰度,阻礙英語學(xué)習(xí)者獲取信息。另一方面,音變現(xiàn)象,如弱讀、連讀、吞音等語音現(xiàn)象會(huì)造成某些單詞聽不清楚或聽不到。令人欣慰的是,語塊由于在語言中被高頻使用,具備著語境依附特征和語境效應(yīng)優(yōu)勢(shì),因此語塊可以提供重要的語境信息,這樣能大大彌補(bǔ)噪音干擾或音變導(dǎo)致的聽覺信息的缺失,比如Thetruthis,I’vebroken(up)withhim…中的up聽不清楚時(shí),熟悉這個(gè)語塊的聽者能根據(jù)語境判斷出該單詞。此外,預(yù)制語塊還具有可以幫助聽者根據(jù)上下文,辨識(shí)說話者身份的作用。

3語塊理論對(duì)三本學(xué)生英語聽力教學(xué)的啟示

針對(duì)三本學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)中一些不恰當(dāng)?shù)恼J(rèn)識(shí)與學(xué)習(xí)方法,以及聽力基礎(chǔ)薄弱的特點(diǎn),語塊研究為我們提出以下教學(xué)啟示:

3.1提供相關(guān)語塊

向?qū)W生提供語塊來練習(xí)聽力的好處主要有兩方面:首先是課堂時(shí)間有限,向?qū)W生提供并講解語塊,可以節(jié)省時(shí)間,給學(xué)生提供更多的練習(xí)機(jī)會(huì),加速語塊的習(xí)得過程;其次是講解聽力材料中的相關(guān)語塊,可使講授的聚焦范圍變小,卻不失語塊要求的微型語境從而大大提高了英語學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的效果。

針對(duì)語塊集形式和意義于一身,可作為整體語言單位存儲(chǔ)和提取的特點(diǎn),在英語教學(xué)中,教師可首先列出并且講解那些結(jié)構(gòu)容易出錯(cuò)、語義難懂卻地道的語塊,備課要做到向?qū)W生提供語言生動(dòng)、內(nèi)容豐富的例句,便于學(xué)生記憶,并在課堂上開展以語塊為單位的形式多樣的練習(xí)。

3.2培養(yǎng)語塊意識(shí)

既然語塊是理想的教學(xué)單位,教師在平時(shí)授課時(shí)就不能孤立的去講某個(gè)單詞,而要在英語教學(xué)中引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意單詞的具體使用語境,從目標(biāo)詞與其周圍其他單詞或短語的搭配關(guān)系去關(guān)注和識(shí)記語塊,增強(qiáng)語塊意識(shí),最終達(dá)到使語塊在學(xué)生語言能力培養(yǎng)中發(fā)揮出最大作用的目的。因此,教師可以在講課文時(shí)組織學(xué)生分小組就自己認(rèn)定的語塊進(jìn)行討論,或在日常的教學(xué)中提醒學(xué)生對(duì)聽力資料以及閱讀材料中出現(xiàn)的固定和半固定的語言結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)和記錄。

3.3加強(qiáng)語塊輸出訓(xùn)練

聽力理解是語言輸入的主要渠道之一,而語言輸入的同時(shí)是—個(gè)理解和產(chǎn)出的過程,因此要求教師采用適當(dāng)?shù)慕虒W(xué)方法段計(jì)靈活多樣的練習(xí),反復(fù)練習(xí),以盡可能地縮短外語學(xué)習(xí)者語言理解所需的時(shí)間,并進(jìn)而過度到擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)出的練習(xí)中。

篇4

二、展示聽力原文的背景知識(shí)

學(xué)生要想充分地了解英語聽力材料,對(duì)材料內(nèi)容有準(zhǔn)確、客觀的評(píng)價(jià),就要對(duì)聽力材料的文化背景、生活方式、人物場景、價(jià)值觀念等背景知識(shí)有充分的了解。對(duì)聽力材料的背景知識(shí)有充分的把握后,將會(huì)為理解、判斷提供有力的依據(jù)。在高中英語聽力的教學(xué)中,教師應(yīng)該注重對(duì)要聯(lián)系英語聽力的背景知識(shí)的介紹,以充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和主動(dòng)性,幫助他們對(duì)聽力材料有更深入的理解和判斷。例如,在高中英語課本中有一個(gè)Listening是講ChenBin和Joy在討論人們?nèi)绾芜^復(fù)活節(jié)以及復(fù)活節(jié)的由來。如果學(xué)生在練習(xí)此篇聽力前,不能對(duì)有關(guān)復(fù)活節(jié)的相關(guān)知識(shí)有初步的了解,聽起來就比較困難。因此,教師可以利用多媒體將有關(guān)復(fù)活節(jié)的theEsterBunny,Estereggs等內(nèi)容展示各學(xué)生,這樣既能充分激發(fā)學(xué)生練習(xí)聽力的積極性和好奇心,又能促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)聽力材料的理解。

三、提高聽力內(nèi)容的多樣性

1.聽英文歌曲。在高中英語聽力的多媒體教學(xué)過程中,教師可以通過多媒體,利用英文歌曲來提高學(xué)生的聽力能力。教師可以在課堂上,用多媒體的聲音播放器來組織學(xué)生集體聽一些和學(xué)生水平相當(dāng)?shù)挠⑽母枨?,也可以布置學(xué)生課后聽,也可以把課前準(zhǔn)備好的歌詞通過屏幕展示給學(xué)生,然學(xué)生邊聽邊填寫空缺的歌詞。比如說,筆者曾經(jīng)在一次英語聽力訓(xùn)練時(shí),就把Troubleisafriend這首英文歌曲的部分歌詞刪除,然后在課堂上給學(xué)生播放這首歌曲,并引導(dǎo)學(xué)生第一遍和第二遍聽寫出空缺的詞匯,第三遍注重聽重讀、連讀、略讀等現(xiàn)象,最后再鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生跟著錄音一起唱。事實(shí)證明,通過聽英文歌曲來訓(xùn)練學(xué)生的英語聽力,更能取得事半功倍的效果。

2.看英文影視劇。練習(xí)英語聽力的最終目的就是能夠在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中,自如地應(yīng)用英語這門語言。而英文影視劇就是在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中對(duì)英語這門語言最好的應(yīng)用。教師可以在多媒體上播放一些學(xué)生能接受的影視劇,讓他們通過情節(jié)推理的方式,培養(yǎng)良好的英語語感,激發(fā)其學(xué)習(xí)英語的積極性和主動(dòng)性。例如,《老友記》這部英文劇,其語速是能被高中生所接受的,教師在課堂上選擇合適的機(jī)會(huì)給學(xué)生播放《老友記》,既能提高學(xué)生聽說英語的能力,又能促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)西方知識(shí)的了解和學(xué)習(xí)。

3.課前聽力訓(xùn)練。聽力能力的培養(yǎng)和訓(xùn)練并不是一蹴而就的,需要長期的、不間斷的訓(xùn)練和堅(jiān)持。教師可以在每節(jié)英語課前都抽出5分鐘的時(shí)間來引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行短期的英語聽力訓(xùn)練。教師可以把一段奧巴馬的演講或VOA的內(nèi)容播放給學(xué)生,一方面鍛煉了學(xué)生的聽力能力,另一方面又幫助學(xué)生拓展了眼界和知識(shí)面。

篇5

(二)多媒體教學(xué)的弊端由于上述的問題,學(xué)生在一段時(shí)間的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練之后,看不到明顯的效果,容易產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒。心理學(xué)家的研究表明,在焦慮水平過高的情況下,心理語言活動(dòng)過程會(huì)處于抑制狀態(tài),思維變得遲鈍,學(xué)生越是聽不懂,焦慮程度就越高。如果在課堂上學(xué)生一直受挫、失敗,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的焦慮,會(huì)破壞學(xué)習(xí)情緒,甚至喪失學(xué)習(xí)聽力的信心。而多媒體授課形式,教師處于操作臺(tái)上,學(xué)生面對(duì)屏幕,教師與學(xué)生之間缺乏面對(duì)面的溝通與交流,教師不能及時(shí)了解學(xué)生的心理狀態(tài),進(jìn)行疏導(dǎo)和幫助。

二、建構(gòu)主義理論對(duì)聽力教學(xué)的啟示

建構(gòu)主義教學(xué)思想強(qiáng)調(diào)以學(xué)生為中心來進(jìn)行教學(xué)。學(xué)習(xí)的過程是個(gè)體建構(gòu)知識(shí)的過程,在這一過程中學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)、認(rèn)知和信息加工的主體。其次,主張?jiān)趯?shí)際情境中進(jìn)行教與學(xué)。認(rèn)為在真情實(shí)景的體驗(yàn)中,借助于必要的學(xué)習(xí)資源,才能積極有效地建構(gòu)知識(shí),重組認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)。再次,教與學(xué)的整個(gè)過程離不開師生、生生之間的協(xié)作交流。最后,教師要為學(xué)習(xí)者設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)環(huán)境,提供各種資源,鼓勵(lì)學(xué)習(xí)者主動(dòng)探索并完善知識(shí)體系的建構(gòu)。

在上述教學(xué)思想的啟示下,教師應(yīng)遵循“以學(xué)生為主體、教師為主導(dǎo)”的教學(xué)理念,在教學(xué)中發(fā)揮導(dǎo)向作用、組織作用,課堂上開展以學(xué)習(xí)者為中心的、形式多樣的教學(xué)活動(dòng),調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的積極性,最大限度地讓學(xué)生參與學(xué)習(xí)過程,幫助他們發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,解決問題。努力營造真情實(shí)景,讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用已掌握的語言能力進(jìn)行交際,突出語言的實(shí)用性,從而提高教學(xué)效果,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)教育目標(biāo)。

建構(gòu)主義的學(xué)習(xí)理論和教學(xué)觀對(duì)聽力教學(xué)的啟示體現(xiàn)在下面兩個(gè)方面:

(一)關(guān)于教師首先,轉(zhuǎn)變教學(xué)理念,以學(xué)生為中心,發(fā)揮教師的導(dǎo)向作用,串聯(lián)起語言知識(shí)、語言技能以及自主學(xué)習(xí)能力三大板塊。其次,選擇合適的素材,靈活運(yùn)用教學(xué)方法和手段。教學(xué)中做好三個(gè)階段的工作:準(zhǔn)備階段、實(shí)踐階段和反思階段。準(zhǔn)備階段:課程準(zhǔn)備階段,教師應(yīng)先闡明聽力學(xué)習(xí)的特點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)和方法,讓學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)到聽力學(xué)習(xí)的艱巨性和漸進(jìn)性,幫助其構(gòu)建正確的學(xué)習(xí)觀和學(xué)習(xí)策略;材料準(zhǔn)備階段,教師須做好引導(dǎo)工作,讓學(xué)生了解一些相關(guān)背景知識(shí),或通過圖片來激發(fā)學(xué)習(xí)興趣,消除緊張情緒,為新信息的輸入做好準(zhǔn)備。實(shí)踐階段:要有針對(duì)性地、也要有創(chuàng)意地選擇符合教學(xué)目標(biāo)的材料。合理設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)任務(wù),引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把重點(diǎn)放在尋找答案的過程上,而非答案本身。在求證的過程中,幫助學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)利用已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),通過分析、思考、判斷進(jìn)而理解所輸入的新信息。同時(shí)輔以聽讀、聽說、聽寫練習(xí),幫助學(xué)生完善知識(shí)體系,提高語言輸入轉(zhuǎn)化為語言所得的效率。反思階段:通過對(duì)課堂教學(xué)實(shí)踐的深入思考和總結(jié),有助于更好地把握教師的“教”與學(xué)生的“學(xué)”以及教材、媒介之間的關(guān)系,進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化教學(xué)理念、方法和策略。

(二)關(guān)于學(xué)生首先,轉(zhuǎn)變學(xué)習(xí)理念,成為學(xué)習(xí)的主動(dòng)參與者和探究者。其次,由孤立的學(xué)習(xí)者轉(zhuǎn)為合作學(xué)習(xí)者。師生之間、生生之間共同探討、充分交流和合作。在入學(xué)之初,學(xué)生首先要了解聽力課的實(shí)質(zhì)和目標(biāo),聽力是通過“量”的積累才能達(dá)到“質(zhì)”的飛躍,也就是讓學(xué)習(xí)者做好打持久戰(zhàn)的準(zhǔn)備。第二步,明確教學(xué)大綱,了解學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。了解了課程的目標(biāo)、進(jìn)度、教師對(duì)學(xué)生的要求、測(cè)驗(yàn)及考試等方面的信息才能做到心中有數(shù)。第三步,積極主動(dòng)參與課堂活動(dòng),完成聽前、聽中和聽后所布置的任務(wù),并在課外練習(xí)中發(fā)揮合作的優(yōu)勢(shì),強(qiáng)化技能,積累知識(shí)。第四步,要將聽、說、讀、寫結(jié)合起來。聽提供說和寫的語言輸入和質(zhì)量保證,訓(xùn)練讀的速度和感覺,說和讀為聽力技能的發(fā)展提供支撐,通過寫來整理和培養(yǎng)英語語言思維,從而全面提高語言運(yùn)用能力。第五步,要學(xué)會(huì)反思。在反思中提高自我認(rèn)識(shí)、自我評(píng)價(jià)以及自我發(fā)展的能力。

篇6

就近年高考語文而言,聽說能力的考查有明顯的加強(qiáng)的趨勢(shì)。一是直接命題考查考生的語音、停頓、重音、歧義、語言的簡明、連貫、得體等方面的能力;二是結(jié)合作文試題,考查考生實(shí)際的口頭表達(dá)的能力,比如廣播稿、演講稿、討論稿、節(jié)目主持人發(fā)言稿、通知等應(yīng)用文體和談話語體的寫作及修改。

再就未來社會(huì)對(duì)人才的要求而言,21世紀(jì)的人才必須是思維敏捷,富于創(chuàng)新精神的人才,必須是嫻于辭令、口齒伶俐、善于社會(huì)交際的人才,必須是耳聰目明,“聽人說話,能夠了解對(duì)方要旨”(葉圣陶語)的人才。

然而,中學(xué)(尤其是農(nóng)村中學(xué))語文教學(xué)的現(xiàn)狀卻是:由于語文教學(xué)的影響,仍然是只重視書面表達(dá)能力訓(xùn)練而忽視口頭語言訓(xùn)練;有的甚至將教材中有限的聽說專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練改為學(xué)生課外自學(xué);現(xiàn)行中學(xué)教材(尤其是高中部分)雖然有聽說能力的專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練,但指導(dǎo)性不強(qiáng),使教師在教學(xué)中難以實(shí)施,而且沒有科學(xué)的系統(tǒng),更沒有專門的教材;不少教師認(rèn)識(shí)到口語訓(xùn)練的重要,在教學(xué)的實(shí)踐中想方設(shè)法給學(xué)生鍛煉口才和聽力的機(jī)會(huì),但畢竟無序;農(nóng)村中學(xué)教學(xué)設(shè)備的有限又使得有識(shí)之士的“教改”實(shí)驗(yàn)只是“空中樓閣”;結(jié)果,學(xué)生讀了十幾年書,學(xué)了十幾年語文(且不說在生活中的學(xué)習(xí)),大多數(shù)聽說能力卻較差,發(fā)音不準(zhǔn),吐字不清,語調(diào)平淡,語速不當(dāng),話不成句,表情難看……成了十足的“書呆子”。

由此可見,中學(xué)語文聽說教學(xué)必須改革,而改革的關(guān)鍵問題就是:如何在中學(xué)語文教學(xué)之中迅速地大面積地培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的聽說能力。

二、中學(xué)語文聽說教學(xué)改革的出路何在

陷入困境之后,必須走出困境。近十年來,筆者一直在農(nóng)村中學(xué)任教,而且一直與同仁一道努力探討聽說教學(xué)改革之路。于此且作一總結(jié)以就教于大家。

(一)改進(jìn)教學(xué)的組織形式

語文教學(xué)必須改革,必須更新教育觀念,改進(jìn)教學(xué)方法,改進(jìn)組織形式,這是社會(huì)歷史發(fā)展的必然要求,也是語文教育自身發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì)。為了提高教學(xué)效率,我在研讀大量文獻(xiàn)和各種語文教改資料的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合本校(省屬重點(diǎn)農(nóng)村中學(xué))實(shí)際,學(xué)生實(shí)際個(gè)人(自身)素質(zhì)的實(shí)際,大膽改革教學(xué)的組織形式,實(shí)行“以小組教學(xué)為主,以班級(jí)教學(xué)和個(gè)別輔導(dǎo)為輔”的教學(xué)組織形式。具體地說,這種組織方式包括以下三個(gè)方面:

1.成立語文學(xué)習(xí)中心小組。每班4-5人,由有語文特長和語文興趣較濃的同學(xué)組成,語文學(xué)科代表兼組長。中心小組的主要職能是:①參加教師備課,研究討論教學(xué)的難點(diǎn),分析落實(shí)教學(xué)重點(diǎn),具體討論確定教學(xué)要點(diǎn),分析安排訓(xùn)練的知識(shí)能力點(diǎn)和訓(xùn)練方式;②負(fù)責(zé)組織指導(dǎo)、督促和考核本班學(xué)習(xí)小組(見第2點(diǎn))的語文學(xué)習(xí);③編選擬定語文課文練習(xí)和單元練習(xí),組織進(jìn)行單元檢測(cè);④幫助老師批閱修改評(píng)析部分作業(yè);⑤在老師的具體指導(dǎo)之下負(fù)責(zé)講析(或安排組織其他同學(xué)講析)部分課文。——總而言之,讓中心小組成為老師的幫手,成為小老師,負(fù)責(zé)組織、管理具體的語文學(xué)習(xí)和語文活動(dòng)。

2.成立了語文學(xué)習(xí)小組,每組4個(gè)成員,各小組同學(xué)的語文素質(zhì)大致相當(dāng),座位臨近(前后左右同桌,如不是同桌,在語文課和語文活動(dòng)課時(shí)自行調(diào)節(jié))。其主要任務(wù)是在教師和中心小組的組織引導(dǎo)下完成各項(xiàng)語文學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)(其中包括課內(nèi)外的各種形式的語文活動(dòng))。

3.組建了語文中心小組和學(xué)習(xí)小組之后,教師主要的職責(zé)是:①具體指導(dǎo)語文中心小組的工作,在各種語文學(xué)習(xí)和語文活動(dòng)中做好示范(比如示范朗讀,示范備課講課,下水作文等等);②組織中心小組討論制訂單元教學(xué)要求和課文學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn);列出課文和單元教學(xué)的知識(shí)能力點(diǎn);③重點(diǎn)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)好最重要的基本篇目;④補(bǔ)充語文中心小組講析課文時(shí)遺漏的知識(shí)點(diǎn)和未處理好的重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn),補(bǔ)充與課文或單元有關(guān)的重要的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本理論;⑤編制單元練習(xí),組織單元考試;⑥科學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)語文中心小組和學(xué)習(xí)小組的學(xué)習(xí)情況并提示補(bǔ)正方法;⑦負(fù)責(zé)課文或單元或語文活動(dòng)的重要的關(guān)鍵問題的小結(jié)或撰寫相應(yīng)的專題論文;⑧編印優(yōu)秀作文集,組織優(yōu)秀作文稿;⑨指導(dǎo)各種重要的語文活動(dòng)(如朗誦、征文、創(chuàng)作課本劇,等等);⑩精選印發(fā)課外練習(xí)并指導(dǎo)課外閱讀。

(二)優(yōu)化聽說能力訓(xùn)練的方法

在具體的語文教學(xué)中,我采用的聽說訓(xùn)練的主要方式有如下4種:

1.朗讀。這里所說的朗讀主要包括:①早自聲朗讀課文,精彩片斷和要求背誦的篇目;另外每學(xué)期補(bǔ)充10篇古詩文,要求背誦。每周三節(jié)早自習(xí),每節(jié)40分鐘,一學(xué)期下來,誦讀時(shí)間達(dá)40小時(shí),三年初中或高中,誦讀時(shí)間達(dá)120小時(shí),課文背誦達(dá)60多篇;②名篇賞讀,間周一節(jié)課(課外活動(dòng)),主要從《中國青年報(bào)》、《雜文報(bào)》、《散文》、《全國中學(xué)生優(yōu)秀作文選》等報(bào)紙雜志選擇精短時(shí)文;③新聞會(huì),間周一次,要求全體同學(xué)寫稿投稿(也可從報(bào)紙上薦稿,大量采用根據(jù)中央電視臺(tái)新聞聯(lián)播編擬的新聞稿,每天晚上7:00至7:30是全校學(xué)生收看電視新聞的時(shí)間);中心小組選稿改稿定稿,再安排學(xué)生(以學(xué)習(xí)小組為單位)用普通話脫稿播送。

2.讀書報(bào)告。主要有三種形式:①故事會(huì),每學(xué)期2次,在期中考試后進(jìn)行(因?yàn)楸拘C磕甏呵飪善诜謩e有音樂之春和藝術(shù)節(jié),在中期考試后第3周左右進(jìn)行,故事會(huì)就安排在此間的課外活動(dòng)之中),主要講成語故事、歷史故事、寓言故事、生活故事、名人故事、民間傳說等等;②讀書報(bào)告會(huì),每期開學(xué)第一周進(jìn)行,主要講所讀的書籍(以文學(xué)名著為主)的基本內(nèi)容、故事梗概、人物形象;朗誦其中的一兩個(gè)精彩片斷;宣讀自己的“文學(xué)評(píng)論”(實(shí)際上是讀書心得,往往既省“評(píng)”,又省“感”);③假期見聞報(bào)告會(huì),每期開學(xué)第一周進(jìn)行,主要是概述自己假期所見所聞所感,在此基礎(chǔ)上重點(diǎn)敘述二三事。

3.討論論辯。①討論,主要是指課堂教學(xué)中的討論。其具體方式包括個(gè)人鉆研、小組討論、班級(jí)討論、教師(或中心小組)總結(jié)發(fā)言。②論辯,即組織論辯會(huì),不定期舉行,從課本、影視、生活中去選擇與語文學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的重要的思想問題和學(xué)術(shù)問題進(jìn)行論辯。要求各學(xué)習(xí)小組在認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備材料,充分討論醞釀的基礎(chǔ)上寫出書面發(fā)言材料(或提綱),然后采用雙方論爭的形式進(jìn)行辯論;同時(shí)組織好“評(píng)委會(huì)”進(jìn)行裁判和評(píng)定。

4.講課比賽。

我這里所說的“講課比賽”主要有兩種方式:

①講析課文。每期一周,一般在期中考試之后的第一周進(jìn)行(因?yàn)楸拘C科谄谥锌荚囍笥幸淮芜\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì),停課2至3天,學(xué)生相對(duì)較輕松,有比較充分的時(shí)間去備課),但必須在開學(xué)之初公布教學(xué)計(jì)劃時(shí)就要安排各學(xué)習(xí)小組具體的授課任務(wù)(我的教學(xué)計(jì)劃和總結(jié)往往是先由中心小組討論草稿,然后我定稿打印,學(xué)生人手一份)。作為教師一是在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中做好“講課”示范,二是具體指導(dǎo)如何備課、如何確定難點(diǎn)、如何設(shè)計(jì)練習(xí)、如何講課,教給學(xué)生“教學(xué)”的方法。

②評(píng)講試卷。這里所說的“評(píng)講試卷”主要是指在語文教學(xué)其是語文復(fù)習(xí)中,讓學(xué)習(xí)小組在分頭準(zhǔn)備認(rèn)真討論的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)語文試卷進(jìn)行評(píng)講。要求學(xué)生必須講清:“試題考的是什么(知識(shí)點(diǎn))——怎樣考的(角度、題型)——怎樣解答(答題技巧)”;必須評(píng)準(zhǔn):“試題好不好(難度、信度)——好在何處(科學(xué)性)——有何啟示(相對(duì)于學(xué)生而言)”。如果學(xué)生評(píng)講時(shí)出現(xiàn)不足,教師要認(rèn)真分析,予以補(bǔ)正。

(三)尋找檢測(cè)聽說能力的科學(xué)方法

我在實(shí)際教學(xué)中采用的具體的“檢測(cè)”方法主要有以下幾種:

1.聽寫:從內(nèi)容上說,包括聽寫詞語、句子、句群、語段;從文體上說,主要是古詩文;從方式上說,可以老師朗讀學(xué)生聽寫,也可以是學(xué)生互相聽寫。

2.聽話答問:通過同學(xué)老師誦讀或播放錄音,要求學(xué)生答問。問題不宜設(shè)置太多,問題的內(nèi)容可以是記憶性的,可以是篩選性的,也可以是理解性的。

篇7

一、引言

Krashen曾指出:“語言學(xué)習(xí)中頭等重要的是聽力理解,聽力訓(xùn)練應(yīng)放在首位?!倍Z習(xí)得理論指出,學(xué)習(xí)者的情感因素是影響外語學(xué)習(xí)的重要原因。情感因素包括焦慮、抑制和動(dòng)機(jī)等。其中,焦慮被認(rèn)為是阻礙外語學(xué)習(xí)的最大障礙之一。焦慮是一種緊張不安,帶有恐懼感的情緒狀態(tài),是一種經(jīng)歷緊張、擔(dān)憂、煩亂和恐慌等感受的不良狀態(tài)和極力擺脫這種負(fù)面情緒的緊張反應(yīng)(Burger.1997)。而聽力焦慮是外語學(xué)習(xí)過程中所特有的一種復(fù)雜心理現(xiàn)象,是學(xué)習(xí)者因外語學(xué)習(xí)過程的獨(dú)特性而產(chǎn)生的一種與課堂語言學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的自我意識(shí)、信仰、感情以及行為的明顯焦慮情緒(Horwitz.1986)。有研究證實(shí),合理的應(yīng)對(duì)策略在調(diào)節(jié)、干預(yù)學(xué)習(xí)情緒方面具有重要作用(DeAnda.2000)。

二、相關(guān)理論研究

1.有關(guān)焦慮的研究

對(duì)焦慮的研究是學(xué)習(xí)者情感因素研究的重要內(nèi)容。一般認(rèn)為焦慮感是有害的。然而也有人持不同看法,認(rèn)為并不是所有的焦慮感都對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有害。只有適當(dāng)?shù)慕箲]感對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)有利,過高和過低都會(huì)妨礙學(xué)習(xí)(Maelntyre,1999)。Brown.認(rèn)為焦慮分為兩種:抑制性焦慮和促進(jìn)性焦慮。前者包括一些妨礙學(xué)習(xí)的不良情緒,如緊張、擔(dān)憂、畏懼等;而后者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)則有一定的積極促進(jìn)作用。本文主要討論前者,即抑制性焦慮對(duì)聽力學(xué)習(xí)所產(chǎn)生的影響。

2.有關(guān)應(yīng)對(duì)策略的研究

應(yīng)對(duì)(coping)過程指人們對(duì)超出自己認(rèn)知范圍極限的認(rèn)知要求所進(jìn)行的認(rèn)知或行為調(diào)控過程,可分三個(gè)階段:(1)初始評(píng)價(jià)階段,(2)繼續(xù)評(píng)價(jià)階段,(3)執(zhí)行應(yīng)對(duì)策略階段。應(yīng)對(duì)策略包括著眼于問題解決的策略和著眼于情緒的應(yīng)對(duì)策略。著眼于問題解決的策略指為消除或減少給自己帶來壓力或負(fù)面影響的事件發(fā)生而采取的行動(dòng)、策略及持有的意念、想法等,比如積極考慮、規(guī)劃下一步的學(xué)習(xí)行為。而著眼于情緒的應(yīng)對(duì)策略指為調(diào)整和減輕某事所帶來的消極或壓抑情緒而采取的行動(dòng)、策略及持有的意念、想法等,如發(fā)泄情緒、放棄學(xué)習(xí)。應(yīng)對(duì)策略在調(diào)節(jié)挫折所帶來的負(fù)面情緒的同時(shí)必然對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)效果造成影響。

目前應(yīng)對(duì)策略研究主要從一般性和特定性兩個(gè)角度入手。然而,學(xué)生不大可能會(huì)按照一貫方式來應(yīng)對(duì)特定情境下的壓力和困難,而是根據(jù)實(shí)際需要制定合適的策略,所以兩者有區(qū)別。本文研究英語聽力學(xué)習(xí)過程中的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,屬特定性研究。

三、非英語專業(yè)學(xué)生聽力焦慮現(xiàn)象分析

為了更客觀直接地了解學(xué)生聽力焦慮現(xiàn)象,筆者采用自行設(shè)計(jì)的問卷調(diào)查法和深度訪談對(duì)濟(jì)寧學(xué)院2009級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)科技和體育教育專業(yè)四個(gè)班的144名學(xué)生的聽力焦慮狀況進(jìn)行了分析。該問卷由12個(gè)題目組成,其中9個(gè)選擇題和3個(gè)開放性問題,該問卷涉及大學(xué)英語課堂的各個(gè)方面,包括課堂氣氛、聽力材料難易程度、學(xué)生的心理承受能力和教師指導(dǎo)與評(píng)價(jià)等。共回收139份有效問卷。問卷由筆者自行設(shè)計(jì),參考了關(guān)于情感、焦慮的一般心理學(xué)量表,并在進(jìn)行試測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行了加工。為了盡可能真實(shí)客觀地反映學(xué)生聽力焦慮的情況,筆者在問卷調(diào)查基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)部分學(xué)生進(jìn)行了訪談,要求他們描述聽力課堂上所表現(xiàn)的焦慮癥狀、原因以及減緩焦慮的方法。

調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示:聽力材料的難度的越大學(xué)生越容易產(chǎn)生不自信的心理,由此引發(fā)對(duì)聽力材料的擔(dān)憂和恐懼,進(jìn)而形成焦慮心理,這部分學(xué)生占到61.9%,另有25.7%學(xué)生認(rèn)為聽力材料難度太大,聽不懂,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生抵觸心理,甚至放棄聽力學(xué)習(xí)。從學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)能力和心理素質(zhì)差異來看,學(xué)生各自的英語基礎(chǔ),英語能力,理解能力以及詞匯量的差異也會(huì)使學(xué)生在聽力課堂中的焦慮程度不同。由于這些基礎(chǔ)能力的欠缺而在聽力課堂中產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒的學(xué)生占77.6%。其次由于不自信導(dǎo)致焦慮的學(xué)生占19.2%,由于教師的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)而引起焦慮感的學(xué)生占到10.6%。第三個(gè)方面就是教師和課堂氣氛在學(xué)生焦慮心理的形成中起到很大的影響,大約38.1%的學(xué)生害怕被提問,提問到自己時(shí)會(huì)感到慌亂、焦躁;也有26.1%的學(xué)生贊成老師的提問,認(rèn)為老師的提問可以促使自己保持高度緊張的狀態(tài)從而更加專注地學(xué)習(xí)。有大約57.2%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為老師正面的合理中肯的評(píng)價(jià)、鼓勵(lì)和微笑會(huì)減輕他們的焦慮感。

以上統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示英語聽力課堂上可能導(dǎo)致學(xué)生產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒的原因有很多,主要是聽力材料的難易程度、學(xué)生英語基礎(chǔ)的好壞、學(xué)生自信心的強(qiáng)弱以及包括老師的指導(dǎo)與評(píng)價(jià)在內(nèi)的課堂氣氛等,其中最主要的還是聽力材料的難易程度和英語基礎(chǔ)的好壞。因?yàn)樵诼犃φn堂上,學(xué)生得主要任務(wù)是聽,處于一種相對(duì)被動(dòng)的狀態(tài)。聽的過程稍縱即逝,極其短暫,學(xué)生必須在短時(shí)間內(nèi)對(duì)所聽到的語言材料進(jìn)行識(shí)別、理解、加工、連接、記憶等一系列的處理,同時(shí)還要不斷喚醒頭腦中積累的知識(shí)以配合所聽的材料。因此學(xué)生在聽力課堂上承受著較大的心理壓力,在聽的過程中需要良好的心理素質(zhì)以及基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),否則使聽力效果大打折扣。至于上面提到的其他因素都是在聽前或是聽后產(chǎn)生作用,間接地影響到學(xué)生的心理,使他們產(chǎn)生焦慮情緒。

四、針對(duì)聽力焦慮的應(yīng)對(duì)策略

1.選擇合適的教材和教學(xué)模式

在教材和教學(xué)模式的選擇中,教師應(yīng)該根據(jù)學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況選擇合理有效的教材和授課方法。課堂上可以采取由淺入深的方法,先準(zhǔn)備一些清楚易懂的材料活躍學(xué)生思維,放松他們的心境,慢慢引導(dǎo)他們接受新的知識(shí)。同時(shí)教師還應(yīng)該講解聽力材料涉及的文化背景知識(shí),促進(jìn)學(xué)生對(duì)聽力材料通篇的理解。

2.加強(qiáng)學(xué)生的英語基本功的訓(xùn)練

要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生英語基本功的訓(xùn)練,不斷擴(kuò)充詞匯量提高理解能力。在進(jìn)行聽力練習(xí)的時(shí)候,要遵循聽單詞-短語-句子這一由簡到難的原則,突出聽辨訓(xùn)練,不僅要聽辨音素、單詞、短語和句子,還要聽辨重讀、弱讀、連讀、同化等。當(dāng)學(xué)生具備一定的詞匯量、語法知識(shí)和較強(qiáng)的聽辨能力時(shí),自然就減少了聽力理解的障礙,聽的時(shí)候就會(huì)有收獲感、成功感,焦慮心理就自然會(huì)緩解。

3.正確評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生的課堂表現(xiàn),幫助學(xué)生樹立自信心

首先,教師應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生知道聽力焦慮是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象,從聽力課的自身的特點(diǎn)和性質(zhì)向?qū)W生解釋,聽力焦慮是一種正?,F(xiàn)象。其次,教師要知道自己的負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)可以導(dǎo)致學(xué)生焦慮的產(chǎn)生或加劇,過多或不當(dāng)?shù)募m錯(cuò)會(huì)打斷思路、阻礙交流,導(dǎo)致強(qiáng)烈的焦慮感。因此,應(yīng)該為學(xué)生提供一個(gè)比較放松的環(huán)境和氛圍,以積極真誠的態(tài)度對(duì)待學(xué)生。要適當(dāng)?shù)卦试S學(xué)生犯錯(cuò),而非每錯(cuò)必糾。如果對(duì)糾錯(cuò)的時(shí)機(jī)、次數(shù)和方式處理得當(dāng),勢(shì)必會(huì)收到良好的效果。

五、結(jié)語

聽力焦慮情緒在大學(xué)英語課堂普遍存在,過度的焦慮對(duì)聽力效果會(huì)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。因此必須緩解聽力教學(xué)中學(xué)生的焦慮心理,要有的放矢地設(shè)計(jì)最輕松有效的應(yīng)對(duì)策略,盡力將焦慮控制在理想范圍內(nèi)。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]Burger,J.M.Personality[M].Brooks:ColePublishingCompany.1997.

[2]Horwitz,E.K.,Horwitz,M.B.,andCope,J.ForeignLanguageClassroomAnxiety[J].ModernLanguageJournal.1986,

[3]DeAnda,D.SBaroniL.Boskin,L.Buchwald,J.Morgan,J.Ow,J.S.Gold,&R.Weiss.Stress,stressorsandcopingamonghighschoolstudents[J].ChildrenandYouthServicesReview,2000.

篇8

二、不利于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)新能力

社會(huì)發(fā)展所需要的是創(chuàng)新型人才,而當(dāng)前教育培養(yǎng)的卻是一些中規(guī)中矩和生搬硬套的“聽話人才”。傳統(tǒng)“聽話式教育”模式就是讓學(xué)生聽話、遵從的模式,并沒有考慮到學(xué)生的差異化特點(diǎn)和個(gè)性化發(fā)展需求,不利于學(xué)生創(chuàng)新能力的培養(yǎng),容易使其產(chǎn)生思維定勢(shì),當(dāng)其走出學(xué)校后,更無法參與和適應(yīng)激烈的社會(huì)競爭。

三、傳統(tǒng)“聽話式教育”模式的創(chuàng)新

當(dāng)代大學(xué)生以90后為主,突出“新”的特點(diǎn),這部分群體絕不是簡單的又一代人的成長,這是真正一代與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)全面接觸的群體。這也是對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)行全面“接管”的一代,其思想觀念、思維方式及價(jià)值觀念均發(fā)生了極大的變化?;谶@一特點(diǎn),必須對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的“聽話式教育”模式進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。

1.當(dāng)代大學(xué)生的特點(diǎn)

當(dāng)代大學(xué)生受“快餐”文化的影響,樂于接受新事物,知識(shí)面較廣,但是掌握的信息多停留在表面,缺乏深度,需要對(duì)其加以正確的引導(dǎo)。90后大學(xué)生的自我意識(shí)開始覺醒,他們思想獨(dú)立,多從自我角度出發(fā),以個(gè)人價(jià)值作為對(duì)事物的主要衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。大學(xué)生有創(chuàng)新意識(shí),但自控能力不強(qiáng),合作意識(shí)單淡薄,需對(duì)其創(chuàng)新能力進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。當(dāng)前社會(huì)競爭日趨激烈,就業(yè)難也給大學(xué)生帶來了很大的心理壓力,易受到功利思想的影響,加之其內(nèi)心脆弱敏感,更需要采取新的管理對(duì)其進(jìn)行正確的引導(dǎo)。

篇9

1.2學(xué)習(xí)焦慮心理學(xué)習(xí)自控力是學(xué)生在中學(xué)階段需要不斷發(fā)展的一項(xiàng)重要的能力.相對(duì)小學(xué)階段而言,中學(xué)階段在學(xué)習(xí)上的管制、監(jiān)督相對(duì)比較自由,老師不會(huì)再像小學(xué)階段對(duì)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)行為進(jìn)行密切的關(guān)注和管理,學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)上更多的靠自己的自我管理.再加上青春期是中學(xué)生的第二個(gè)叛逆期,成人感意識(shí)再次增強(qiáng),心理上會(huì)出現(xiàn)劇烈的矛盾狀態(tài),這兩方面的因素共同作用下,會(huì)影響學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)自控力的發(fā)展水平,部分學(xué)生能夠在經(jīng)受身心的劇烈波動(dòng)的同時(shí),有效的規(guī)劃自己的學(xué)習(xí),合理的安排各門學(xué)科的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,自覺調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)和娛樂的比例,具有較為理性、合理的時(shí)間管理觀念.與此同時(shí),也有一部分學(xué)生因缺乏學(xué)習(xí)的自控能力而出現(xiàn)學(xué)習(xí)問題.學(xué)習(xí)自控力的缺失主要表現(xiàn)為兩方面,一方面表現(xiàn)為在各門學(xué)科的時(shí)間和精力的投入上,個(gè)體無法合理的進(jìn)行規(guī)劃.有些學(xué)生會(huì)有偏科現(xiàn)象,喜歡某幾門課而討厭其它的課程,這種偏科的心理狀態(tài)導(dǎo)致學(xué)生在做作業(yè)和復(fù)習(xí)方面,會(huì)不自覺的將重心放在自己喜歡上的學(xué)科,最后才考慮自己的所不喜歡的科目.這種失調(diào)的時(shí)間管理行為會(huì)影響學(xué)生的復(fù)習(xí)質(zhì)量,導(dǎo)致學(xué)生在臨近考試時(shí)對(duì)弱科的復(fù)習(xí)不到位,出現(xiàn)焦慮情緒,擔(dān)心考試發(fā)揮不好.另一方面表現(xiàn)為禁不住外界的誘惑.當(dāng)前社會(huì)上的娛樂活動(dòng)的數(shù)量在不斷的增加,各種網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲、影視節(jié)目琳瑯滿目,面對(duì)如此充滿誘惑的社會(huì)環(huán)境,有些中學(xué)生抵擋不住誘惑,迷上了電子產(chǎn)品或網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲等,而不能合理的安排時(shí)間投入到學(xué)習(xí)中去.這種失調(diào)的時(shí)間管理習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致學(xué)生在面臨即將到來的考試出現(xiàn)手足無措的現(xiàn)象,不知從何處開始著手復(fù)習(xí),再加上有的學(xué)生受外界的期望值較高,在這種外界壓力下,焦慮情緒會(huì)更加的突出.這種由學(xué)習(xí)焦慮導(dǎo)致的學(xué)習(xí)成績下降問題在學(xué)校中不在少數(shù),是學(xué)生群體中一直存在的主要學(xué)習(xí)問題之一.

1.3學(xué)習(xí)挫敗感體驗(yàn)強(qiáng)烈中學(xué)階段與小學(xué)階段之間無論在學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容上還是在學(xué)習(xí)的難度上都有很大的不同.中學(xué)階段的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容明顯增多,且知識(shí)比較冗雜,學(xué)習(xí)難度上也不斷增大,尤其在理科科目上體現(xiàn)的更為明顯.學(xué)習(xí)適應(yīng)成為考量學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)水平的重要內(nèi)容,而學(xué)習(xí)策略上的適應(yīng)是其重要的一項(xiàng).在小學(xué)階段,需要掌握的學(xué)習(xí)策略較為單一,且大多數(shù)情況都是由老師手把手的教導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的;到了中學(xué)階段,學(xué)習(xí)空間變得自由,而學(xué)業(yè)難度不斷加大,學(xué)生面臨著學(xué)習(xí)策略的自我調(diào)整.部分學(xué)生尚未轉(zhuǎn)變學(xué)習(xí)觀念,在學(xué)習(xí)方法上仍沿用之前一些基本的學(xué)習(xí)策略,不能適時(shí)適地的調(diào)整學(xué)習(xí)策略,進(jìn)行合理的規(guī)劃,導(dǎo)致成績的不理想,覺得入不敷出,出現(xiàn)明顯的挫敗心理.該類學(xué)生覺得自己的付出沒有得到回報(bào),對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)逐漸喪失信心,如果受挫的次數(shù)增多,就有可能演變?yōu)閷?duì)學(xué)習(xí)的無能感,默認(rèn)了自己的學(xué)習(xí)處境,不再繼續(xù)努力.

2影響學(xué)生不良學(xué)習(xí)心理的家庭教育因素

2.1家庭的教育觀念家庭教育觀念是指家庭中父母所秉持的教育思想和理念,它是指導(dǎo)、教育孩子如何對(duì)待學(xué)習(xí)、如何處理學(xué)習(xí)與其它活動(dòng)關(guān)系的重要思想支撐.當(dāng)前我國很多家長都秉持著傳統(tǒng)意義上的學(xué)習(xí)教育觀念,具體表現(xiàn)為:(1)“學(xué)習(xí)是唯一的出路”.很多家長,尤其是出身農(nóng)村的父母,對(duì)孩子的學(xué)習(xí)尤為看重,將讀書、學(xué)習(xí)視為孩子出人頭地的重要渠道,對(duì)孩子的學(xué)習(xí)成績尤為重視.這種過于激進(jìn)的教育觀念不斷的滲透到孩子的思想觀念中,在孩子的思想中建立起了偏激的學(xué)習(xí)觀念,孩子希望通過學(xué)習(xí)來滿足父母的要求,在這種觀念的趨勢(shì)下,無形中給孩子帶來了極大的心理負(fù)擔(dān),孩子在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)沒有發(fā)展出對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)本身的興趣,更多的是一種工具,體驗(yàn)不到學(xué)習(xí)過程所帶來的快樂,一心只想取得優(yōu)異的成績,導(dǎo)致心理異常的敏感,害怕考試失利,這種對(duì)考試的擔(dān)心在臨近考試時(shí)尤為的強(qiáng)烈,尤其是隨著課業(yè)壓力的增大,孩子無力應(yīng)付時(shí),會(huì)體驗(yàn)到更為強(qiáng)烈的焦慮情緒,一方面影響了正常的發(fā)揮,同時(shí)也影響了孩子的身心健康(2)“學(xué)習(xí)不好,就不是好孩子”.當(dāng)前很多父母用學(xué)習(xí)成績的優(yōu)劣作為評(píng)價(jià)孩子的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)成績優(yōu)秀的孩子,就是好孩子,學(xué)習(xí)差的孩子,就是壞孩子.有些父母甚至教育孩子不要跟學(xué)習(xí)差的孩子一起玩,擔(dān)心被帶壞.這種用成績優(yōu)劣來評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生的觀念導(dǎo)致部分差生產(chǎn)生自卑心理,覺得自己低人一等,并因此自暴自棄,喪失了學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力,有的甚至因此而產(chǎn)生了錯(cuò)誤的、不利于身心健康的自我觀念,影響了其它方面的發(fā)展(3)“不打不成器”.從古至今,我國傳統(tǒng)文化在教育方面始終沿襲了一個(gè)觀念,即“嚴(yán)師出高徒”,認(rèn)為對(duì)學(xué)生要嚴(yán)格要求,才能培養(yǎng)出優(yōu)秀的人才,這種教學(xué)育人的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)態(tài)度確實(shí)有利于學(xué)生培養(yǎng)起良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣,取得優(yōu)異的成績.然而這種觀念滲透在一些家庭中,就演變成了父母對(duì)孩子的各種過高的要求,父母為了將孩子培養(yǎng)成才,會(huì)通過說教、懲罰、甚至體罰等方式讓孩子吸取教訓(xùn).孩子在這種過于激烈的說教、責(zé)罰下,逼迫自己努力學(xué)習(xí),來迎合父母的期望.這種教育方式下培養(yǎng)起來的學(xué)生并不會(huì)體驗(yàn)到學(xué)習(xí)所帶來的快樂,帶來的更多的是負(fù)擔(dān).此外并不是每個(gè)學(xué)生都能在學(xué)業(yè)上成績優(yōu)秀,受先天智力因素的影響,有些學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)上的領(lǐng)悟能力比較低,其成績可能始終維持在一般水平上,學(xué)生在這種理想和現(xiàn)實(shí)的落差下,內(nèi)心會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的失落感和壓迫感.由于這部分學(xué)生所持有的學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)機(jī)皆為滿足父母的要求,對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)沒有培養(yǎng)起應(yīng)有的興趣,使得學(xué)生在應(yīng)對(duì)學(xué)業(yè)上的困難較為被動(dòng),這種低水平的學(xué)習(xí)能力與父母的高要求共同作用下,使得學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)出現(xiàn)矛盾心理,開始對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)出阻抗,不斷發(fā)展下去,就演變?yōu)槲覀兂R姷降膮拰W(xué)問題.

2.2家庭的教養(yǎng)方式常見的家庭教養(yǎng)方式共有三種:溺愛型、專制型、民主型.溺愛型的父母基本包辦了孩子日常的衣食住行活動(dòng),忽視了孩子的自主行動(dòng)能力,過分保護(hù)下,孩子沒有培養(yǎng)起應(yīng)該具有的自主性,無力應(yīng)付生活中出現(xiàn)的困難和挑戰(zhàn);專制型的父母最突出的特點(diǎn)是為孩子做決定,并強(qiáng)制孩子服從,這種父母將自己的意見凌駕在孩子之上,忽視了孩子個(gè)人的想法.由于過分忽視孩子的感受,導(dǎo)致孩子無法順從自己內(nèi)心的想法,不能發(fā)展出自己的個(gè)人興趣,生活狀態(tài)較為被動(dòng).民主型的父母是最為合格的一類,他們能夠與孩子建立安全、自由、充滿人性關(guān)愛的關(guān)系,既能在生活中發(fā)展出作為父母應(yīng)該有的權(quán)威的一面,同時(shí)也能設(shè)身處地的去理解、尊重孩子,并鼓勵(lì)其自主活動(dòng).這類父母撫養(yǎng)下的孩子能夠自主的依照自己的興趣活動(dòng),在學(xué)業(yè)上能夠自由的進(jìn)行探索、研究,能夠合理的分配、管理自己的學(xué)習(xí),并能在學(xué)習(xí)中不斷獲取經(jīng)驗(yàn),不斷取得進(jìn)步.

2.3家長文化程度水平文化程度基本能反映一個(gè)人知識(shí)素養(yǎng),文化程度高者,無論在知識(shí)的積累上還是在抽象的認(rèn)知、情感的發(fā)展上,都達(dá)到了一定的層次;而文化程度較低的人看待事物的眼光往往較為局限,其觀念、想法更新的也比較慢,相對(duì)而言,在基本知識(shí)素養(yǎng)上要低一些.作為家庭的第一任老師,父母在文化程度上的不同,對(duì)孩子的教育理念、教育方式等方面都會(huì)存在很多的差異.有研究顯示,父母均為大學(xué)文化程度,其優(yōu)秀學(xué)生在所有優(yōu)秀學(xué)生中占的比例高于50%,而差生占的比例低于10%.這些研究表明,文化程度越高的父母,在教育孩子的方式上要優(yōu)于文化程度較低的父母.

3對(duì)策與建議

3.1及時(shí)更新、調(diào)整家庭教育理念教育理念是指導(dǎo)父母如何教育子女的一個(gè)方向標(biāo),是否具有合情、合理、又有效的教育理念,關(guān)系著孩子在初期的發(fā)展方向及發(fā)展特點(diǎn),這種影響甚至?xí)w延到成人.在眾多教育理念中,我覺得需要重點(diǎn)考慮以下幾點(diǎn):(1)要重視以德育人.以德育人要求父母要學(xué)會(huì)以充滿關(guān)愛的態(tài)度去理解孩子的需要,從人性的角度去認(rèn)識(shí)孩子的各個(gè)方面,包括優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn);以德育人要求父母要學(xué)會(huì)通過充滿人性關(guān)懷的方式來指導(dǎo)、教育孩子,一方面做到以理服人,同時(shí)也能得到孩子的友善接納.總體上德育要求父母要擺正自己在整個(gè)家庭中的角色,不能高高在上,無視孩子,也不能委曲求全,過分遷就孩子,需要父母掌握好“度”的問題(2)要尊重孩子心理發(fā)展的個(gè)體差異.受先天因素的影響,每個(gè)孩子的心理發(fā)展的速度和水平都存在一定的差異,心智化程度各有不同.家長要及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)并理解、接納這種差異,不能以高于孩子心理發(fā)展水平的要求去教導(dǎo)孩子,要尊重“慢熱”孩子的心理特點(diǎn),給予孩子一定的發(fā)展緩沖時(shí)間,以其自身的發(fā)展速度去成長.成績優(yōu)異固然是每個(gè)家長對(duì)孩子的一個(gè)慣有的期望,但切勿無視個(gè)體差異,而強(qiáng)求孩子不斷給自己超負(fù)荷的心理壓力,去追求難度系數(shù)超出正常接受水平的奮斗目標(biāo).父母要保持足夠的耐心去陪伴孩子成長、發(fā)展(3)要允許孩子有犯錯(cuò)的機(jī)會(huì).犯錯(cuò),幾乎是每個(gè)人在日常生活中不可避免的.對(duì)于中學(xué)生,這種犯錯(cuò)的幾率可能相對(duì)會(huì)比較高一點(diǎn),父母在孩子犯錯(cuò)時(shí),不能以責(zé)備的態(tài)度去訓(xùn)斥孩子,而要有耐心的去傾聽孩子在犯錯(cuò)時(shí)的感受,陪伴孩子一起去面對(duì)錯(cuò)誤,給予孩子強(qiáng)大的心理支持.孩子在犯錯(cuò)時(shí)內(nèi)心會(huì)有很大的愧疚和不安,家長的支持顯得尤為重要,在父母支持而不是責(zé)備的態(tài)度下,孩子能有勇氣去正視自己所犯的錯(cuò)誤,而不是逃避或悔恨.

篇10

受高考模式的影響,高中的英語教育主要是應(yīng)試教育,傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)重視語法,而忽視聽說能力。而進(jìn)入大學(xué)尤其接觸到社會(huì)的大學(xué)生,卻猛然發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)更加注重的是語言的實(shí)際表達(dá)能力和與人交流的能力,尤其交流能力的高低直接決定自己能否勝任該項(xiàng)工作。而在與人交流的過程中,其首要問題就是能否聽明白對(duì)方在講什么。只有明確理解對(duì)方的態(tài)度、意見,才能有針對(duì)性地提出自己的觀點(diǎn)和應(yīng)答策略。于是,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)縱然英語語法邏輯再嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、英語表達(dá)再準(zhǔn)確,若聽不懂對(duì)方的話那也于事無補(bǔ)。鑒于傳統(tǒng)英語教學(xué)的缺點(diǎn),教師要闡明英語聽力課的重要性,可以從理論關(guān)系和就業(yè)實(shí)踐兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行剖析。目前,我國大部分大學(xué)都會(huì)組織英語四六級(jí)考試,其中重要的一環(huán)也是英語聽力,四六級(jí)證書也影響著學(xué)生的就業(yè)情況。作為大學(xué)英語教師,要深刻思考如何改變傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)弊端,改變英語聽力課的從屬地位,充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)熱情和主動(dòng)性,讓學(xué)生在大學(xué)英語聽力課上投入更多的學(xué)習(xí)精力。

(二)學(xué)生過分依賴教材

大學(xué)英語聽力課的主要目的就是提高學(xué)生的聽力能力,主要就是通過刺激學(xué)生的“耳朵”,讓他們適應(yīng)英語的語速、音調(diào),聽懂里面的內(nèi)容,理解聽力材料要表達(dá)的主旨。然而,由于學(xué)生手里有教科書或文字材料,這就導(dǎo)致學(xué)生不是在用“耳朵”聽,而是在用“眼睛”看,這種“邊看邊聽”的方式就嚴(yán)重減弱了聽力材料對(duì)“耳朵”的刺激,降低了聽力課的教學(xué)效果,甚至把“聽力課”變成了“發(fā)音課”。

(三)聽力學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣的缺失

整體來講,目前大學(xué)生缺乏課下自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣,這是目前大學(xué)生普遍存在的問題。當(dāng)今,電腦、手機(jī)、QQ、微信、微博、網(wǎng)購等現(xiàn)代化通訊及購物手段既豐富了學(xué)生的業(yè)余生活也促進(jìn)了同學(xué)間的交流。但同時(shí)這些也嚴(yán)重占用了學(xué)生的業(yè)余學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間,甚至個(gè)別同學(xué)在課上也從事這些與學(xué)習(xí)無關(guān)的事情。這就使得學(xué)生沒有養(yǎng)成自主學(xué)習(xí)的習(xí)慣。即使課下進(jìn)行學(xué)多是針對(duì)理論課的學(xué)習(xí),尤其是針對(duì)期末考試的學(xué)習(xí)。部分學(xué)生能夠課下背誦單詞、學(xué)習(xí)句型,但是短時(shí)間內(nèi)效果不能明顯。

二、關(guān)于聽力課訓(xùn)練方法的建議

在聽力課上,教師起到的是主導(dǎo)作用,但教師并非課堂的主角,學(xué)生才是主角。課上如何監(jiān)督學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)是教師的一個(gè)重要職責(zé)。筆者認(rèn)為,聽力課上除了讓學(xué)生通過訓(xùn)練聽懂資料內(nèi)容外,還應(yīng)該讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)聽的技巧。根據(jù)訓(xùn)練的重點(diǎn)不同,筆者把聽力材料分為以下幾類進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。

(一)泛聽訓(xùn)練

泛聽訓(xùn)練是指將一段聽力材料從頭到尾不間斷地給學(xué)生播放,根據(jù)內(nèi)容的難易程度可以反復(fù)播送,然后要求學(xué)生總結(jié)出材料的中心思想。這種訓(xùn)練的主要目的是提高學(xué)生快速掌握聽力材料內(nèi)容的能力。在實(shí)際的語言交流中,語言是不間斷的、連續(xù)的“聽力材料”,聽者是在極短時(shí)間內(nèi)被動(dòng)地接受大量的信息。因此,這種鍛煉最接近實(shí)際,對(duì)學(xué)生的訓(xùn)練也最有效。同時(shí),也要求學(xué)生在做這項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練時(shí)必須集中精力,調(diào)動(dòng)全身細(xì)胞來努力聽取材料內(nèi)容。同時(shí),為了提高聽力效果,可在播放材料之前先將個(gè)別較難單詞列給學(xué)生,同時(shí)給學(xué)生提出幾個(gè)相關(guān)問題,讓學(xué)生帶著問題去聽材料。這樣,學(xué)生就會(huì)有針對(duì)性,可以根據(jù)問題在所聽到的材料中尋找相關(guān)信息。

(二)聽寫訓(xùn)練

聽寫訓(xùn)練就是教師朗讀單詞、句子甚至是短文,要求學(xué)生把所聽到的寫下來。這樣做的目的是練習(xí)學(xué)生聽力和用筆捕捉信息的反應(yīng)能力。在英語四六級(jí)考試中,聽力考試材料較難。學(xué)生作為一個(gè)非母語的學(xué)習(xí)者,幾乎不可能把所有信息都記錄下來。這就要求學(xué)生具有迅速抓住要點(diǎn)記錄的能力,所以需要教師在日常教學(xué)中加強(qiáng)這方面的訓(xùn)練,也可將英語四六級(jí)的考試題作為聽力材料來訓(xùn)練。

(三)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練就是針對(duì)學(xué)生在聽的過程中遇到的某一處或者某幾處難點(diǎn)進(jìn)行專門的訓(xùn)練。目的是幫助學(xué)生解決聽力過程中遇到的某個(gè)有針對(duì)性的問題。例如英語中的數(shù)字的特殊讀法很難掌握、英語復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)律較為復(fù)雜,學(xué)生在平時(shí)的練習(xí)甚至是考試的時(shí)候往往很懼怕這種聽力題的出現(xiàn),一聽到相關(guān)內(nèi)容就會(huì)緊張甚至產(chǎn)生放棄的消極心理。針對(duì)這種情況,為了克服學(xué)生的消極心理,筆者就有針對(duì)性地做一個(gè)專題,把相關(guān)內(nèi)容先做一系統(tǒng)總結(jié),然后把這類聽力題目集中起來統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行聽力訓(xùn)練。必要時(shí)可以把相關(guān)聽力材料發(fā)給學(xué)生,讓其在課下反復(fù)練習(xí),這樣做效果更佳。以上這些只是筆者在日常教學(xué)中的一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)和聽力材料分類方法,除此之外我們還應(yīng)該積極探索提高學(xué)生英語聽力能力的各種教學(xué)方法,把握英語聽力課的教學(xué)改革方向。

三、英語聽力課教學(xué)改革的方向

(一)活用多媒體教學(xué)手段激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣

多媒體技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)促進(jìn)了我們的教學(xué)手段改革,在英語聽力教學(xué)實(shí)踐中,教師利用多媒體技術(shù)編制的教學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)課件,能充分創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)圖文并茂、有聲有色、生動(dòng)逼真的教學(xué)環(huán)境,既能激發(fā)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,也能改變傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)的單調(diào)模式。